Resources for Moral Injury
Spiritually Integrated Cognitive Processing Therapy: A New Treatment for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder That Targets Moral Injury:
Potential of Mindfulness in Treating Trauma Reaction:
Spirituality and Trauma: What is Spirituality?
Brock, R. N., & Lettini, G. (2012). Soul repair: Recovering from moral injury after war. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Center for Constitutional Rights (2013). The Right to Heal: Holding the U.S. Accountable for the Human Costs of War (Fact Sheet).
Copland, L. (2013). Staff Perspective: On Moral Injury (blog post). Center for Deployment Psychology. Retrieved from
Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., Drescher, K., & Foy, D. (2013). Initial psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Questionnaire—Military Version. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. doi:10.1002/cpp.1866.
Dao, J. (2011). After combat, the unexpected perils of coming home. New York Times (5/28/11). Retrieved from
Drescher, K. D., Foy, D. W., Kelly, C., Leshner, A., Schutz, K. & Litz, B. (2011). An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans. Traumatology, 17 (1), 8-13. doi: 10.1177/1534765610395615.
Evans, W.R., Stanley, M.A., Barrera, T.L., Exline, J.J., Pargament, K.I., & Teng, E.J. (2018). Morally injurious events and psychological distress among veterans: Examining the mediating role of religious and spiritual struggles. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(3), 360-367. doi: 10.1037/tra0000347.
Farnsworth, J.K., Drescher, K.D., Evans, W., & Walser, R.D. (2017). A functional approach to understanding and treating military-related moral injury. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 6, 391-397. doi: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.07.003.
Harris, J. I., Park, C. L., Currier, J. M., Usset, T. J., & Voecks, C. D. (2015). Moral injury and psycho-spiritual development: Considering the developmental context. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 2(4), 256-266. doi:10.1037/scp0000045.
Hynes, H. P. (2013). The Iraq War and moral injury. Truthout.org (3/20/13). Retrieved from
Jamail, D. (2009). The will to resist: Soldiers who refuse to fight in Iraq and Afghanistan. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
Jones, A. (2013). They were soldiers: How the wounded return from America’s wars—the untold story. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books/Dispatch Books.
Kinghorn, W. (2012). Combat trauma and moral fragmentation: A theological account of moral injury. Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics, 32 (2), 57-74. Retrieved from
Kopacz, M.S., Connery, A.L., Bishop, T.M., Bryan, C.J., Drescher, K.D., Currier, J.M., & Pigeon, W.R. (2016). Moral injury: A new challenge for complementary and alternative medicine. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 24, 29-33. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2015.11.003.
Litz, B.T. (2014). Resilience in the aftermath of war trauma: A critical review and commentary. Interface Focus, 4 (5). doi: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0008.
Litz, B.T., Lebowitz, L., Gray, M.J., & Nash, W.P. (2016). Adaptive disclosure: A new treatment for military trauma, loss, and moral injury. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 695-706. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.003.
Maguen, S. & Litz, B. (2012). Moral injury in veterans of war. PTSD Research Quarterly, 23 (1), 1-6. Retrieved from
Maguen, S., Metzler, T. J., Litz, B. T., Seal, K.H., Knight, S. J., & Marmar, C. R. (2009). The impact of killing in war on mental health symptoms and related functioning. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 435-443. doi: 101002/jts.20451.
Maguen, S., Vogt, D. S., King, L. A., King, D. W., Litz, B.T., Knight, S.J., et al. (2011). The impact of killing on mental health symptoms in Gulf War veterans. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3, 21-26. doi: 10.1037/a0019897.
Nash, W. P., Marino Carper, T. L., Mills, M. A., Au, T., Goldsmith, A., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the Moral Injury Events Scale. Military Medicine, 178 (6), 646-652.
Powers, K. (2012). The yellow birds. New York, NY: Little, Brown, and Company.
Purcell, N., Koenig, C.J., Bosch, J., & Maguen, S. (2016). Veterans’ perspectives on the psychosocial impact of killing in war. The Counseling Psychologist, 44 (7), 1062-1099.
Russell, M. C. (2008). War-related medically unexplained symptoms, prevalence, and treatment: Utilizing EMDR within the armed services. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 2 (3), 212-225. doi: 10.1891/1933-3196.2.3.212
Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. New York, NY: Atheneum.
Shay, J. (2002). Odysseus in America: Combat trauma and the trials of homecoming. New York, NY: Scribner.
Silver, D. (2011). Beyond PTSD: Soldiers have injured souls. Truthout.org (9/3/11). Retrieved from
Tick, E. (2014). The moral trauma of “21st century warriors.” Truthout.org (11/22/14). Retrieved from
Van Buren, P. (2014). What they died for. Truthout.org (6/29/14). Retrieved from
Vargas, A. F., Hanson, T., Kraus, D., Drescher, K., & Foy, D. (2013). Moral injury themes in combat veterans’ narrative responses from the national Vietnam Veterans’ Readjustment Study. Traumatology, 19 (3), 243-250. doi: 10.1177/1534765613476099.
Whitman-Bradley, B., Lazare, S., & Whitman-Bradley, C. (Eds.) (2011). About face: Military resisters turn against war. Oakland, CA: PM Press.
Wisco, B.E., Marx, B.P., May, C.L., et al. (2017). Moral injury in U.S. combat veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans study. Depression and Anxiety, 34, 340–347. doi.org/10.1002/da.22614.
Wood, D. (2014). The grunts: Damned if they kill, damned if they don’t. The Huffington Post (3/18/14). Retrieved from
Wood, D. (2014). The recruits: When right and wrong are hard to tell apart. The Huffington Post (3/19/14). Retrieved from
Wood, D. (2014). Healing: Can we treat moral wounds? The Huffington Post (3/20/14). Retrieved from
Wortmann, J.H., Eisen, E., Hundert, C., Jordan, A.H., Smith, M.W., Nash, W.P., & Litz, B.T. (2017). Spiritual features of war-related moral injury: A primer for clinicians. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 4(4), 249-261. doi: 10.1037/scp0000140.
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